This review of apical surgery compared with non-surgical root canal treatment or retreatment for teeth with apical periodontitis included 5 studies.None of the included studies were at low risk of bias so the findings should be viewed very cautiously.
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20 RCTs are included in this Cochrane review update of endodontic retreatment. The available evidence is of low quality so further research is needed to understand the effects of surgical versus non-surgical approaches, and to determine which surgical procedures provide the best results.
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Eight small studies were identified for this review of the use of regenerative techniques as an adjunct to periapical surgery. The findings suggest that they improve outcomes after 1 year, but they should be interpreted with caution.
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