This review of premolar extraction v non-extraction orthodontic treatment included 30 studies. Of these studies were 29 were retrospective and all 30 studies were considered to be at high risk of bias. The certainty of evidence is vey low so additional high quality research is required.
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This review of bone-borne/hybrid tooth-bone-borne rapid maxillary expansion (RME) with conventional tooth-borne RME in the treatment of maxillary deficiency included 6 small RCTs suggesting some advantage for bone-borne/hybrid tooth-bone-borne appliances.
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11 studies were identified for this review of lingual fixed orthodontic appliances. while some benefits were suggested the quality of the available studies was very low providing insufficient evidence of the effectiveness of lingual appliances.
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